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Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking
(tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.
Symptoms may be mild at first.
While LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's, it is too
early to tell whether these findings, and therapies that might stem from them, would
apply to patients with non-familial Parkinson's, the more common form of the disease.
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Faulty Protein Digestion in Neurons Cause of Familial Parkinson's
Findings point to an intracellular system breakdown that normally would prevent the protein alpha-synuclein from reaching toxic levels in dopamine-producing neurons
Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), with collaborators at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, have discovered how the most common genetic mutations in familial Parkinson's disease damage brain cells.
The mutations block an intracellular system that normally
prevents a protein called alpha-synuclein from reaching toxic
levels in dopamine-producing neurons.
The findings suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing
this digestive system, or preventing its disruption, may prove
valuable in the prevention or treatment of Parkinson's.
The study was published March 3 in the online edition of the journal Nature Neuroscience.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the formation of Lewy bodies (which are largely composed of alpha-synuclein) in dopamine neurons. In 1997, scientists discovered that a mutation in alpha-synuclein can lead to Lewy body formation. "But alpha-synuclein mutations occur in only a tiny percentage of Parkinson's patients," said co-lead author David L. Sulzer, PhD, professor of neurology, pharmacology, and psychiatry at CUMC. "This meant that there must be something else that interfered with alpha-synuclein in people with Parkinson's."
Dr. Sulzer and his colleagues suspected that a gene called leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) might be involved. LRRK2 mutations are the most common mutations to have been linked to Parkinson's. The current study aimed to determine how these mutations might lead to the accumulation of alpha-synuclein.
"We found that abnormal forms of LRRK2 protein disrupt a critical protein-degradation process in cells called chaperone-mediated autophagy," said Dr. Sulzer. "One of the proteins affected by this disruption is alpha-synuclein. As this protein starts to accumulate, it becomes toxic to neurons." Delving deeper, the researchers found that LRRK2 mutations interfere with LAMP-2A, a lysosome membrane receptor that plays a key role in lysosome function.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy, or CMA, is responsible
for transporting old or damaged proteins from the cell body
to the lysosomes, where they are digested into
amino acids and then recycled.
In 2004, Dr. Sulzer and the current paper's other
co-lead author, Ana Maria Cuervo, MD, PhD, professor
of developmental & molecular biology, anatomy & structural
biology, and of medicine at Albert Einstein College
of Medicine of Yeshiva University, showed that alpha-
synuclein is degraded by the CMA pathway.
"Now that we know this step that may be causing the disease in many patients, we can begin to develop drug treatments or genetic treatments that can enhance the digestion of these disease-triggering proteins, alpha-synuclein and LRRK2, or that remove alpha-synuclein," said Dr. Sulzer.
While LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's, it is too early to tell whether these findings, and therapies that might stem from them, would apply to patients with non-familial Parkinson's, the more common form of the disease.
"Right now, all we can say is that it looks as though we've found a fundamental pathway that causes the buildup of alpha-synuclein in people with LRRK2 mutations and links these mutations to a common cause of the disease. We suspect that this pathway may be involved in many other Parkinson's patients," said Dr. Sulzer.
The study involved mouse neurons in tissue culture from four different animal models, neurons from the brains of patients with Parkinson's with LRRK2 mutations, and neurons derived from the skin cells of Parkinson's patients via induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology. All the lines of research confirmed the researchers' discovery.
The paper is titled "Interplay of LRRK2 with chaperone-mediated autophagy." The other contributors are Samantha J. Orenstein (Einstein), Sheng-Han Kuo (CUMC), Inmaculada Tasset (Einstein), Esperanza Arias (Einstein), Hiroshi Koga (Einstein), Irene Fernandez-Carasa (University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain), Etty Cortes (CUMC), Lawrence S. Honig (CUMC), William Dauer (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI), Antonella Consiglio (University of Barcelona and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy), and Angel Raya (Insitucio Catalana de Recerca I Estudies Avancas and Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain).
The collaboration of Sulzer and Cuervo was supported by a Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease of the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. This work was further supported by grants from the JPB Foundation, the National Institute on Aging (AG031782 and AG08702); the Rainwater Foundation; the Beatrice and Roy Backus Foundation; the Parkinson's Disease Foundation; Fondazione Guido Berlucchi; and Centers for Networked Biomedical Research, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and by a Hirschl/Weill-Caulier Career Scientist Award and a gift from Robert and Renee Belfer.
The authors declare no financial or other conflicts of interest.
Columbia University Medical Center provides international leadership in basic, pre-clinical, and clinical research; medical and health sciences education; and patient care. The medical center trains future leaders and includes the dedicated work of many physicians, scientists, public health professionals, dentists, and nurses at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Mailman School of Public Health, the College of Dental Medicine, the School of Nursing, the biomedical departments of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and allied research centers and institutions. Established in 1767, Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons was the first institution in the country to grant the MD degree and is among the most selective medical schools in the country. Columbia University Medical Center is home to the largest medical research enterprise in New York City and State and one of the largest in the United States. Its physicians treat patients at multiple locations throughout the tri-state area, including the NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia campus in Washington Heights, the new ColumbiaDoctors Midtown location at 51 W. 51st St. in Manhattan, and the new ColumbiaDoctors Riverdale practice. For more information, visit http://www.cumc.columbia.edu or http://www.columbiadoctors.org
Original article: http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/news-room/2013/03/05/improper-protein-digestion-in-neurons-identified-as-a-cause-of-familial-parkinsons/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=improper-protein-digestion-in-neurons-identified-as-a-cause-of-familial-parkin
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