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Genetic sequence helps coordinate DNA-packaging
Every time a cell divides it makes a carbon copy of crucial ingredients, including the histone proteins that are responsible for spooling yards of DNA into tight little coils. When these spool-like proteins aren't made correctly, it can result in the genomic instability characteristic of most birth defects and cancers.
Seven years ago, Dr. Joe Gall of the Carnegie Institute
in Baltimore, Md. and coworkers noticed an aggregation
of molecules along a a block of genome that codes for
critical histones, but they had no idea how this
aggregate or "histone locus body" was formed.
Now, research conducted in fruit flies at the University of
North Carolina School of Medicine has pinpointed
a specific DNA sequence that both triggers the formation
of this "histone locus body" and turns on all
the histone genes in the entire block.
The finding, published March 25, 2013 in the journal Developmental Cell, provides a model for the coordinated synthesis of histones needed for assembly into chromatin, a process critical to keeping chromosomes intact and passing genetic information from generation to generation.
"Our study has uncovered a new relationship between nuclear architecture and gene activity," said senior study author Bob Duronio, PhD, professor of biology and genetics at UNC. "In order to make chromosomes properly, you need to make these histone building blocks at the right time and in the right amount. We found that the cell has evolved this complex architecture to do that properly, and that involves an interface between the assembly of various components and the turning on of a number of genes."
In the fruit fly, as in the human, the five different histone
genes exist in one long chunk of the genome.
The "histone locus" in flies contains 100 copies of each
of the five genes, encompassing approximately 500,000
nucleotides of A's, C's, T's and G's.
The proteins required for making the histone message –
a process that must happen every time a new strand of DNA
is copied – come together at this "histone locus" to form
the "histone locus body."
Duronio and co-senior study author William Marzluff, PhD, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, wanted to figure out how these factors knew to meet at the histone locus.
They inserted different combinations of the five histone genes into another site of the genome, and looked to see which combinations recruited a new histone locus body.
The researchers found that combinations that contained
a specific 300 nucleotide sequence – the region between
the H3 and H4 histone genes – formed a histone locus body.
In contrast, combinations of genes that lacked
this sequence did not form a histone locus body.
They went on to show that this sequence turned on
not only the H3 and H4 genes in its direct vicinity,
but also other histone genes in the block.
Though the research was conducted entirely in fruit flies,
it may lend insight into mechanisms that keep the genome
from becoming unstable – and causing early death
or illness - in higher organisms.
"Humans and flies have these very same histone genes. They have the same proteins in the histone locus body. So understanding precisely how this works in flies will help us understand cell division in humans," said Marzluff.
The research was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health. Study co-authors from UNC include Harmony R. Salzler, Deirdre C. Tatomer, Pamela Y. Malek, Stephen L. McDaniel, and Anna N. Orlando.
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